WELCOME

Tuesday, July 29, 2008

ALANYA


Alanya

Alanya is located at the southern Turkish coast. Behind on a peninsula lying city rises to the Taurus belonging Akdagi.

Leisure and Sports

Unlike many tourist centres Alanya has not only in the area, but also directly in the centre of beautiful beaches. The 15 km east of Alanya, the dim-river valley is a popular tourist destination. On the river canoe trips are possible. The mountains and Akdagi Cebelireis offer good conditions for hiking and mountain climbing, Akdagi is also the official winter sports centre. Attractions

The landmark of the city is the octagonal red tower. The shipyard plant was 1228 under Seljuk rule applied, as well as the well-preserved fortress from the 13th Century castle on the hill of Alanya. At the foot of Castle Hill, the cave Damlatas. The Fosforlu Cave, with a boat traffic, it is worth seeing: The phosphoreszente seabed can illuminate the water. The Andizli Mosque in 1227 by an unusually high minaret flanked the elaborately carved window frames and doors of the castle mosque are among the finest examples of Ottoman woodworking. Nearby there are several interesting ruins sites: Leartis (22 kilometers), Iotape (30 kilometers) and Cyedra (at Kargacy).

Museums

In the Red Tower at the port is an Ethnographic Museum, the Archaeological Museum includes an archaeological ethnographic collection.

History

Before 1471 Alanya in the Ottoman Empire fell, it experienced many different dominations: pamphylischer, kilikischer, Hittite and Greek crew built by the Romans wars and raids destroyed city. Among the Byzantines called Alanya Kolonores ( "Beautiful Mountain"), under the Seljuk Aliye.

Shopping

Alanya is famous for its textiles made of silk. The delicate fabric is made from silkworms won out in the surroundings bred.

Food and beverage

Specialities of the region are laba, meat-filled bags, and öküz helvasy, a sweet syrup made from grapes, with hot, gebräunter butter is served.

Events

Since 1991 can be found in Alanya in October international triathlon competitions.

Climate

Alanya is a typical Mediterranean climate with very mild and rainy winters and hot, dry summers. The average air temperature is 19 ° C, the water has an average temperature of 12 ° C.

Arrival

The bus service along the coastal road is a good access both to the air traffic (Antalya, 135 kilometres) as well as the railway network (Burdur province). Also on the sea is Alanya well with the vessels or cross by ferry from northern Cyprus to reach.

Important phone numbers / addresses

City: (+90-242) 5132111

AFYON


Afyon

Afyon is a natural focal point for Turkey. With its rich historical past, city and surrounding area all the conditions for a tourist centre.

Leisure and Sports

Many health and thermal spas invite you to relax.

Attractions

In the rock solid steps lead to 226 m high, in Afyon schwärzlichem stone-built castle. The establishment of the castle dates from 1350 BC. They were developed by the Hittites rulers Musil as a base. As for the later Byzantine and Seljuk time the castle was the scene of major battles. They include references to the Phryger found, for example, four large cisterns and several of the goddess Kybele consecrated temple. At the time of seldschukischen Sultan Alaadin Keykubad, the castle was restored, a small prayer house and a palace added.

Museums

Hill 40 ancient tombs and 20 sites are in different eras archaeological Museum. In the garden of the Museum can get a couple of colossal statues, such as the Hercules and the emperor Hadrian, admire. With relief and hieroglyphics send stelae (erected rocky plates), as well the doors for grave chambers served draw the attention of visitors. Tel: (+90-272) 215 11 91 opening times: 08.30-12.00 and 13.00-17.30 daily except Monday. The Zafer Museum: 1913 - 1914 Museum is furnished to the place where commander-in-chief Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was a great battle and planned the attack command. Tel: (+90-272) 212 09 16 opening times: 08.30-12.00 and 13.00-17.30 daily except Mondays

History

The settlement of this area began in 7000 BC in the Cretaceous period, continued in the Bronze Age fort and offered in modern times Hittites, Phrygern, Romans, Byzantines, Seljuk and Ottoman a home. In the south of the city is poppy cultivation, in Turkish "Afyon.

Shopping

Handgewebte, wollene kilims and hand-silk carpets are specific to the region and in various shops in the city centre.

Food and beverage

Afyon has a wide range of traditional special dishes. Various soups and turkey dishes, poppy cakes, pies and meat dishes with eggplants are just a few delicacies in the many restaurants offered. From the variety of sweet desserts, you should see the famous "Ekmek kadayif" sample, a special bread, with sugar syrup over and a decorated icing on the cake, enjoyed.

Climate

In Afyon is a hot in summer and dry steppe climate, while in the winter cold and the weather schneereiches climate. Spring and fall are niederschlagsreich.

Arrival

A good road network and favorable rail connections are available.

Bus Station Tel: (+90-272) 212 09 63

Tel station (+90-272) 213 79 19

Important phone numbers / addresses

Governor: (+90-272) 215 12 46 - 215 06 60

City: (+90-272) 214 42 55 - 215 22 53

Hospital: (+90-272) 212 08 02

Police: (+90-272) 213 80 04 - 213 80 05

Gendarmerie: (+90-272) 213 71 83

Regional Directorate: (+90-272) 213 54 47 / 214 12 21

Tourist Office: (+90-272) 213 54 47 / 214 12 21

Culture Directorate: (+90-272) 213 76 00

ADANA


Adana

Adana is located 50 kilometers inland on the Mediterranean coast in the south-east of the country. The 6000 BC, founded city is one of the oldest settlements Anatolia.

Leisure and Sports

The high levels of the environment are popular recreation areas, here you can ride, walking and cycling. The reservoir of Seyham River is well suited for fishing, on the slopes of the Taurus Mountains, hunting is very popular.

Attractions

The systems of mosques Ulu Cami and Yag Cami are worth seeing. In the area worth the open-air museum of Anavarza ruins with its fortified walls, a castle, the Arc de Triomphe and two pools with beautiful mosaics a trip. On the ruins of the ancient port city Magarsus, west of Karatap, are remnants of ancient theater, a temple and a bathing house to visit.

Museums

In the Archaeological Museum are Hittite, Roman and frühbyzantinische finds issued (daily except Monday opened clock 9-16.30). The Ethnographic Museum displays exhibits in the Cukurovadörfern Taurus Mountains and the tribes living (daily except Monday opened clock 9-16.30). The Ataturk Museum is the "Father of the Turks" dedicated and documented its stay in Adana (daily except Monday opened clock 9-16.30) and the Museum are Misis mosaic floor mosaics from the 4th Century to visit (daily except Monday opened 9-16.30).

History

Adana was in the 6th Millennium BC and was now under different rule. 1923, the city was the provincial capital raised.

Food and beverage

Aplama is a regional speciality. The drink is made from licorice.

Events

Annually in September, the film festival Adana Altyn Koza (Golden cotton seed capsule "). Climate

In Adanas valleys is a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild and rainy winters. The temperatures in the mountains are much cooler in winter there is even snow.

Arrival

About the international airport, connecting to the rail network and the national long-distance bus services Adana is very easy to reach.

Important phone numbers / addresses

Government: (+90-322) 4588330

City: (+90-322) 5158413

Hospital: (+90-322) 2272590

Police: (+90-322) 4322777

Gendarmerie: (+90-322) 3233272

Links



Chamber of Commerce: http://www.adaso.org.tr/


Archaeological Museum: www.kultur.gov.tr / bakanlik / ba-adanaa.html

Film Festival: www.adana-bld.gov.tr/koza

Wednesday, July 16, 2008

RECREATION AREAS IN TURKEY

Recreation areas with camping facilities on the shores of the Aegean Sea in the Mediterranean are:
Camlik 5 km away from Ayvalik on the road Canakkale-Izmir, beach
Tavsanburnu between Miletus and Didyma, beach
Gökova 30 km away from Mugla on the road to Marmaris, beach
Cubucak 20 km away from Marmaris on the road to Datca, beach
Katranci 18 km away from Marmaris on the road to Datca, beach
Kücükkargi 20 km from Fethiye, beach
Ölüdeniz 20 km from Fethiye, beach
Kidirak 18 km from Fethiye, beach
Oyuktepe 5 km southwest of Fethiye, beach
Düzlercami 19 km away from Antalya on the road to Korkuteli
Kepezbasi 10 km away from Antalya on the road to Burdur
Incekum 19 km away from Antalya on the road to Alanya, beach
Erdemli Sahil Camligi 2 km away from Erdemli, on the road to Mersin
Karatas Kumlugu 2 km from Karatas in Adana, beach

TOURISM OFFICES

Adıyaman TourismInfo.Office
ADIYAMAN
Atatürk Bulvarı No:184
Tel: (416) 216 51 31Fax: (416) 216 51 31

Akçakoca Tourism Info.Office
DÜZCE
Yalı Mah.Merkez CamiiAltı Akçakoca 81650 DÜZCE
Tel: (380) 611 45 54 - 611 31 48Fax: (380) 611 44 48

Akçay-Edremit Tourism Info.Office
BALIKESİR
Edremit Cad. KarabudakApt. Zemin Kat No:2
Tel: (266) 384 11 13Fax: (266) 384 11 13

Aksaray Tourism Info.Office
AKSARAY
M.Çelebi Mah. Ankara Cad. No:2/2
Tel: (382)213 24 74Fax: (382) 212 56 51

Alanya Tourism Info.Office
ANTALYA
Damlataş Mağarası Yanı, Damlataş Cad. No.1
Tel: (242) 513 12 40Fax: (242) 513 5436

Ankara Tourism Info.Office
ANKARA
Gazi Mustafa Kemal Bulvarı No:121 Tandoğan
Tel: (312) 488 70 07 (312) 231 55 72Fax: (312) 231 5572

Anamur Tourism Info.Office
İÇEL
Otogar Binası Kat:2 No:2 33630
Tel: (324) 814 35 29Fax: (324) 814 40 58

Antalya TourismInfo.Office
ANTALYA
Cumhuriyet Cad Özel İdare Altı No:2
Tel: (242) 241 17 47Fax: (242) 241 17 47

A.Menderes Hava Limanı Info.Office
İZMİR
Adnan Menderes Havaalanı İçi
Tel: (232) 274 21 10Fax: (232) 274 22 14

Atatürk Airport Tourism Info.Office
İSTANBUL
Atatürk Hava Limanı içi -Yeşilköy
Tel: (212) 573 41 36(212)663 07 98Fax: (212) 663 07 98

Ayvalık Tourism Info.Office
BALIKESİR
Yat Limanı Karşısı
Tel: (266) 312 21 22Fax: (266) 312 21 22

Avanos Tourism Info.Office
NEVŞEHİR
Açık Pazar Yeri
Tel:(384) 511 43 06Fax: (384) 511 43 60

Bergama Tourism Info.Office
İZMİR
Bergama Hükümet Konağı B.Blok Zemin Kat
Tel: (232) 631 28 51Fax: (232) 631 2851

Beyazıt Tourism Info.Office
İSTANBUL
Beyazıt Meydanı
Tel: (212) 522 49 02Fax:

Bodrum Tourism Info.Office
MUĞLA
Barış Meydanı
Tel: (252) 316 10 91Fax: (252) 316 76 94

Bursa Tourism Info.Office
BURSA
Orhangazi Alt Geçidi No:1Heykel
Tel: (224) 220 18 48Fax: (224) 220 18 48

Burhaniye Tourism Info.Office
BALIKESİR
Meço Cad. No:25 Ören Polis Karakolu BitişiğiÖren/Burhaniye
Tel: (266) 416 35 00Fax: (266) 416 56 74

Çanakkale Tourism Info.Office
ÇANAKKALE
İskele Meydanı No:67
Tel: (286) 217 11 87Fax: (286) 217 1187

Cilvegözü Tourism Info.Office
HATAY
Sınır Kapısı
Tel: Fax:

Çeşme Tourism Info.Office
İZMİR
İskele MeydanıNo:8
Tel: (232) 712 66 53Fax: (232) 712 66 53

Dalaman Tourism Info.Office
MUĞLA
Havalimanı İçi
Tel: (252) 792 52 20/(252) 792 52 91Fax: (252) 792 5220

Datça Tourism Info.Office
MUĞLA
Hükümet Binası İskeleMah.
Tel: (252) 712 35 46Fax: (252) 712 35 46

Diyarbakır TourismInfo.Office
DİYARBAKIR
Dağkapı Burcu Giriş Bölümü
Tel: (412) 221 21 73(412) 224 11 89Fax: (412) 224 11 89

Edirne TourismInfo.Office
EDİRNE
Hürriyet Meydanı No:17
Tel: (284) 213 92 08Fax: (284) 213 92 08

Eğirdir Tourism Info.Office
ISPARTA
2.SahilyoluNo:13
Tel: (246) 311 43 88Fax: (246) 312 20 98

Erdek Tourism Info.Office
BALIKESİR
Nafiye Sıtkı Cd. No:31 Kat:4
Tel: (266) 835 11 69Fax: (266) 835 1169

Esenboğa Tourism Info.Office
ANKARA
Esenboğa Havalimanı
Tel: (312) 398 03 48(312) 398 00 00(312) 398 15 78:

Fethiye Tourism Info.Office
MUĞLA
İskele Karşısı No:1
Tel: (252) 61415 27Fax: (252) 612 19 75

Foça Tourism Info.Office
İZMİR
Atatürk Bulvarı Foça GirişiNo:1
Tel: (232) 812 12 22Fax: (232) 812 12 22

Gürbulak Tourism Info.Office
AĞRI
Gürbulak Sınır Kapısı
Tel: (472) 321 20 09Fax: (472) 321 20 89

Habur Tourism Info.Office
ŞIRNAK
Sınır Kapısı
Tel: (480) 528 20 76

Hacıbektaş Tourism Info.Office
NEVŞEHİR
NevşehirCad. Arkeoloji ve Etnografya Müzesi Karşısı No:44
Tel: (384) 441 36 87Fax: (384) 441 36 87

Hopa-Sarp Tourism Info.Office
ARTVİN
Sarp Sınır KapısıHopa
Tel: (466) 371 51 72Fax: (466) 371 51 72

İçel Tourism Info.Office
İÇEL
İsmet İnönü Bulvarı Liman Girişi No:5/1
Tel: (324) 238 32 71Fax: (324) 23832 72

İskenderun Tourism Info.Office
HATAY
Atatürk Bulvarı No:49
Tel: (326) 614 16 20Fax: (326) 613 28 79

İzmir TourismInfo.Office
İZMİR
Gaziosmanpaşa Bulvarı No:1/1 Efes Oteli 4844300
Tel: (232) 445 73 90Fax: (232) 489 92 78

İpsala TourismInfo.Office
EDİRNE
İpsala Tourism Information Office Müdürlüğü
Tel: (284) 616 15 77Fax: (284) 616 15 77

İznik TourismInfo.Office
BURSA
Belediye İşhanı Kat:1 No:130
Tel: (224) 757 19 33Fax: (224) 757 19 33

Kahta Tourism Info.Office
ADIYAMAN
MustafaKemal Paşa Cad. Milli Park Hizmet Binası
Tel: (416) 725 50 07Fax: (416) 725 50 07

Kapıkule Tourism Info.Office
EDİRNE
Hudut Kapısı Giriş Üniteleri BankalarSırası Kapıkule
Tel: (284) 238 20 19Fax: (284) 238 20 09

Karaköy Tourism Info.Office
İSTANBUL
Karaköy Limanı Yolcu Salonu İçi
Tel: (212) 249 5776

Kars Tourism Info.Office
KARS
Atatürk Cad. Milli Eğitim Müdürlüğü Hizmet Binası Kat:2
Tel: (474) 223 23 00Fax: (474) 223 84 52

Kaş Tourism Info.Office
ANTALYA
Cumhuriyet Meydanı No:5
Tel: (242) 836 12 38Fax: (242) 836 12 38

Kemer TourismInfo.Office
ANTALYA
Belediye ve Turizm Örgüt Binası
Tel: (242) 814 15 37Fax: (242) 814 15 36

Köyceğiz Tourism Info.Office
MUĞLA
AtatürkKordonu
Tel: (252) 262 47 03Fax: (252) 262 47 03

Kuşadası Tourism Info.Office
AYDIN
Liman Cad. No:13
Tel: (256) 614 11 03Fax: (256) 614 6295

Manavgat-Side Tourism Info.Office
ANTALYA
Side Yolu Üzeri Manavgat
Tel: (242) 753 12 65Fax: (242) 753 26 57

Marmaris TourismInfo.Office
MUĞLA
İskele Meydanı No:2
Tel: (252) 412 10 35Fax: (252) 412 72 77

Milas-Bodrum Airport Info.
MUĞLA
Milas Bodrum Airport -Milas
Tel: (252) 523 01 01Fax: (252) 523 02 88

Muğla Tourism Info.Office
MUĞLA
Emirbeyazıt Mh. Marmaris Blv. No:24/A
Tel: (252) 214 31 27Fax:(252) 214 31 27

Nevşehir Tourism Info.Office
NEVŞEHİR
Atatürk Bulvarı, Hastene Önü
Tel: (384) 212 95 73Fax: (384) 213 11 37

Tekirdağ TourismInfo.Office
TEKİRDAĞ
Atatürk Bulvarı, Eski İskele Yanı No:65
Tel: (282) 261 16 98Fax: (282) 261 20 83

Trabzon TourismInfo.Office
TRABZON
İskenderpaşa mah. Ali Naki Efendi Sok. No:1/A
Tel: (462) 326 47 60Fax: (462) 326 47 60

Pamukkale TourismInfo.Office
DENİZLİ
Örenyeri
Tel: (258) 272 20 77Fax: (258) 272 28 82

Safranbolu Tourism Info.Office
KARABÜK
Çeşme Mah. Arasta Çarşısı No:7
Tel: (372) 712 38 63Fax: (372) 712 38 63

Selçuk Tourism Info.Office
İZMİR
Atatürk Mah. Agora Çarşısı No:35
Tel: (232) 892 69 45Fax: (232)892 69 45

Silifke Tourism Info.Office
İÇEL
Gazi Mah. V.Gürten Bozbey Caddesi No:6
Tel: (324) 714 11 51Fax: (324) 714 53 28

Sirkeci TourismInfo.Office
İSTANBUL
Sirkeci Garı
Tel: (212) 511 58 88

Sultanahmet Tourism Info.Office
İSTANBUL
At Meydanı
Tel: (212) 518 1802(212) 518 87 54Fax: (212) 518 18 02

Şakirağa Tourism Info.Office
ADANA
Havaalanı İçi
Tel: (322) 436 92 14Fax: (322) 436 92 14

Taksim-HiltonTourism Info.Office
İSTANBUL
Hilton Oteli Girişi - Elmadağ
Tel: (212) 233 05 92

Taksim Meydanı Tourism Info.Office
İSTANBUL
Maksem
Tel: (212) 245 68 76

Tatvan Tourism Info.Office
BİTLİS
Sahil Mah. İşletme Cad.
Tel: (434) 827 6301Fax: (434) 827 63 00

Ünye Tourism Info.Office
ORDU
Devlet Sahil Yolu Üzeri Ünye Spor Lokali.Zemin Kat No:7 Hanboğazı Mevkii
Tel: (452) 323 49 52Fax:(452) 323 49 52

Ürgüp Tourism Info.Office
NEVŞEHİR
Park İçi
Tel: (384) 341 40 59Fax: (384) 341 40 59

Yalova Tourism Info.Office
YALOVA
Cumhuriyet Meydanı
Tel: (226 )814 21 08(226) 812 30 45Fax: (226) 812 30 45

TRAFFIC IN TURKEY


The maximum speed on rural roads is 90 km / h in urban areas may not be faster than 50 km / h,

Long-distance traffic

In addition to a trip with the Turkish State Railways (TCDD) is to travel by bus, the cheapest way to in Turkey from one place to another. On longer routes will stop appearing on the bus themselves are often small refreshments.

The coach stations (Otogar or terminal) to the big cities are usually located on the edge of town, but usually with a bus of the company within easy reach. In medium-sized and smaller cities, the bus station directly in the center.

Ferries and boats, some equipped with sleeping cabins, drive many coastal cities. The airline Turkish Airlines (TK) flies from Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir in all major cities of Turkey.

Urban Transport

In a ride with the taxi should - despite taximeter - before departure the price negotiated and determined. Affordable is the dolmus, a minibus (recognizable by the yellow-black-checkered band), based on a set route with fixed stops wrong. As long as there are still unfilled vacancies each station, located on the roadside according noticeable.

SOUVENIRS

Many brand-name products in Turkey are much cheaper than in Western European countries, but caution is often deceptively real-looking Imitaten offered.
Particularly popular souvenirs are carpets, gold jewellery, leather goods and textiles, copper and brass items, ceramics, water pipes and candied or pickled in honey nuts and fruit.
The purchase of antiques is not very useful, as not really genuine pieces from Turkey may be exported. In any case, they should be of valuable articles the proof of purchase (as well as exchange receipts and bank receipts, see money and foreign exchange) in order to exit the lawful acquisition to be able.

EXCAHNDE REGULATION

Import and export regulations: Foreign and Turkish currency may be unlimited. The export permit for Turkish currency is limited to a sum worth $ 5,000, a higher sum can only run if they declared on entry. Exchange receipt: the currency exchange in Turkey issued receipt should necessarily be kept as they barter for the return of TL in a foreign currency on exit must be presented.
Customs Regulations
On arrival
a) the following items for personal use duty-free:
1 camera 1 black and white TV 1 Farbfernsehermit maxima116cmBildschirm. 1 kombin. Schwarzweißfernseh, tape-radio 1 video camera and 5 blank cassettes 1 CD player and 5 CD's 1 laptop 1 8-mm movie camera and new films 1 0 1 binoculars Harmonica, mandolin, flute, guitar, harmonica instruments more than 3 per person) 1 slide 1 transistor radio-cassette recorder car tool Sporting goods, board games, computer games 1 typewriter Baby carriages, toys. 200 cigarettes or 50 cigars, tobacco 200g and 200 sheets. Cigarette paper, 2OOg pipe tobacco, snuff 50 grams (In the Duty Free Shop can further 400 cigarettes, 1 00 cigars and pipe tobacco 500 grams who bought) 1 1 / 2 kg of coffee, 1 1 / 2 kg Pulverkaff ee, 500 grams of tea, 1 kg 1 kg chocolate and sweets 5 (100 cc) or 7 (70 cc) bottles of alcoholic beverages, 5 Fl. Perfume (limit per 120 ml)
b) valuables (jewelry worth over 15 $ 000) when entering the travel pass and exit controls.
c) It is prohibited to employ weapons and any kind of cutting tools (including camping knives) einzufahren without special permission.
a) For a new carpet must have a receipt and an old objects, from the Directorate issued a museum, official certificate.
b) It is strictly forbidden, antiques extended.
c) the value items may only be accepted if it is registered or passport with official money umgetauschtem were purchased.
Immigration formalities for pets
Pets are the following: proof of the current state of health of the animal (Certificate of Origin), a certificate on the current state of health of the animal (Veterinary Health Certificate). Tollwutimpfbescheinigung, less than 15 days before departure Formalities for motor vehicle owners
Entry
Owners of minibuses, buses, cars, trucks, mobile homes, mopeds, motorcycles and cars with Caravans have when entering a valid passport, the international Green insurance card (on which the application for both the European and Asian part of Turkey must be noted ), Carnet de Passage (Triptique), car papers and in the case of another driver on the name of an issued and certified power of attorney. For a journey in the Middle East is a transit certificate.
Length of stay
The vehicle can take up to 6 months remain in the country. The departure date should be indicated in the entry form. When a case of force majeure departure date can not be met or an extension is necessary, it must be before the deadline the Turkish Touring and Automobile Club (TTOK) and the Customs - General for them.
Accident
The accident at a police ausgefertigte Protocol shall be approved by the competent local authority and, together with the passport to the nearest customs office. If the vehicle is yet to be repaired, the name of the repairer also the customs office. If the vehicle no longer be repaired and its owner wants to leave, then the vehicle to customs aliefert. Then the vehicle registry in a passport deleted and the owner can leave. Formalities for yacht owners Boats with a Transitlog able to survive the overhaul or up to 2 years in Turkish waters. Some ports with a permit from the Ministry of Tourism on a berth period of up to 5 years. The necessary formalities must be included in the target ports.
Customs ports
After entering Turkish territorial waters must immediately one of the following ports in order to monitor the ship's documents are underway: Istanbul, Canakkale, Tekirdag, Körfez, Bandirma, Marmaris, Fethiye, Akcay, Ayvalik, Dikili, Izmir, Cesme, Kusadasi, Didima, Güllük, Bodrum, Datca, Kas, Finike, Kemer, Antalya, Alanya, Anamur, Tasucu (Silifke), Botas (Adana), Mersin (Icel), Iskenderun, Samsun, Trabzon, Zonguldak, Ordu, Hopa, Giresun, Rize and Sinop.

Friday, July 11, 2008

CUSTOMS/DUTY FREE

The following articles can be exempt from duty in Turkey:
200 cigarettes, 50 cigars, 200 grams of tobacco
5 litres of spirits
5 perfume bottles (120 ml)
Gifts with a value of 256 euros
Articles for personal use, such as 1 camera and 5 films, 1 calculator, 1 travel alarm clock, 1 video camera and 1 portable radio.
A complete list is available on the Consulate General.
Weapons and knives of any kind without special permission may not be introduced. Importation, trafficking and consumption of drugs of any kind is strictly prohibited.

ENTRY REQUIREMENTS:AIR,LAND AND SEA


Arrival

The quickest and easiest way to Turkey is to enter the airplane. Several airlines offer of almost all airports, direct flights from Germany, Austria and Switzerland to Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir, Bodrum, Antalya and Dalaman.

The shortest route by car (1,800 km) runs through the former Yugoslavia. Another option is to route via Austria, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria (2,100 km). Or via Italy, where you are in Venice and Brindisi by car ferry translate.

For the journey by train runs daily the Balkan Express from Munich to Istanbul. In addition, there are regular connections with the coach of Germany, Austria and Switzerland to Turkey.

By plane

Several airlines offer direct flights to Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir, Bodrum, Antalya and Dalaman.

By train

The Balkan Express operates daily between Munich and Istanbul.

By car

Even with the coach, there are daily connections from Germany. The shortest route by car (1,800 km) runs through the former Yugoslavia, another option is to route via Austria, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria (2,100 km). Due to the bad road condition, long waiting times at borders and petrol stations as well as poor infrastructure in the transit countries, this kind of arrival is not recommended. From Italy (Venice and Brindisi) operates a car ferry.

By boat

Per ship can travel particularly interesting shape - such as the North Sea by the Rhine-Danube canal to the Black Sea. The Bosporus will take you to the Marmara Sea and on to the Aegean and the Mediterranean. There you will find the most marinas.

Travel in the country

Traffic

The maximum speed on rural roads is 90 km / h in urban areas 50 km / h on motorways 120 km / h.

Long-distance traffic

In addition to a trip with the Turkish State Railways (TCDD) is to travel by bus, the cheapest option. On longer routes every two to three hours a stopover at a restaurant to have been filed in the bus itself are often small refreshments. The coach stations (Otogar or terminal) to the big cities are usually located on the edge of town, but usually with a bus easy reach. In medium-sized and smaller cities, the bus station directly in the center. Will also numerous ferries and boats, some equipped with sleeping cabins, many coastal cities. Turkish Airlines flying from Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir in all major cities of Turkey.

Urban Transport

For journeys by taxi is the price of the taximeter. For longer trips, the price negotiated in advance. Affordable is the dolmus, a minibus (recognizable by the yellow-black-checkered band), based on a set route with fixed stops wrong. As long as there are still unfilled vacancies each station, located on the roadside according noticeable.

VACCINATIONS AND HEALTH INSURANCE

Vaccinations for entry into Turkey are basically not necessary to ask before they travel on precautionary measures in case of a Tropical Institute, your family doctor or your health insurance. The conclusion of a travel insurance is recommended.

TRAVEL CLOTHING

If you are in the main or off-season travel to Turkey, is recommended for the regions of Marmara, Aegean and Mediterranean light summer clothing made of cotton, sun protection in the form of a hat, brille and cream. And do not forget a light jacket for the evening. Travel to the Black Sea, you should have a rain jacket and sweater and thicker bring. This is also true for the province of Eastern Anatolia. In visits to mosques, women must wear a headscarf. In winter you can in the Turkish mountains winter sports.

PASSPORT AND VISA IN TURKEY


NO ENTRY VISAS FOR THE TURKEY IN NEED

(Unless otherwise stated, for a stay up to 3 months) Andorra, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina (2 months) Chile, Costa Rica (1 month), Denmark, Germany (identity card), El Salvador, Ecuador, Finland, France (identity card), Greece (identity card), Iran, Iceland, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan (1 month), Kyrgyzstan (1 month) Croatia (2 months), Liechtenstein (identity card), Luxembourg (identity card), Macao (1 month), Malta (identity card), Malaysia, Morocco, Macedonia (2 months), Monaco, New Zealand, Northern Cyprus, San Marino, Sweden, Switzerland (identity card), Singapore, South Korea, Trinidad-Tobago, the Czech Republic, Tunisia, Vatican, Uruguay


ENTRY VISAS TO RECEIVE

* For a stay up to three months

Australia (20 U.S. $ or 15 euros) England (10 engl.Pfund or $ 20 U.S. or 15 Euro) Holland (15 U.S. $ or Euro 10) (identity card) Hong Kong (20 U.S. $ or 15 euros) Ireland (15 or U.S. $ 10 Euro) Italy (15 U.S. $ or Euro 10) (identity card) Canada (60 U.S. $ or 45 euros) Austria (20 U.S. $ or 15 euros) Portugal (15 or U.S. $ 10 Euro) Slovenia (20 U.S. $ or 15 euros) Spain (15 U.S. $ or Euro 10) (identity card) USA (20 U.S. $ or 15 euros) Belarus (15 or U.S. $ 10 Euro)

* For a stay up to 2 months

Albania (15 or U.S. $ 10 Euro) Belgium (20 or U.S. $ 15 Euro) (identity card) Russian Federation (CIS) (20 or U.S. $ 15 Euro) Ukraine (20 U.S. $ or 15 euros) * For a stay up to 1 month

Armenia (15 or U.S. $ 10 Euro) Azerbaijan (10 or U.S. $ 10 Euro) Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania (15 or U.S. $ 10 Euro) Greek-Cyprus (15 or U.S. $ 10 Euro) Jordan (30 or U.S. $ 20 Euro) Moldova (15 or U.S. $ 10 Euro) Norway (30 or U.S. $ 20) Poland (15 or U.S. $ 10 Euro) Romania (10 or U.S. $ 10 Euro) Serbia and Montenegro (15 or U.S. $ 10 Euro) Slovakia (15 or U.S. $ 10 Euro) Tajikistan (15 or U.S. $ 10 Euro) Turkmenistan (15 or U.S. $ 10 Euro) Hungary (30 or U.S. $ 20 Euro)

* For a stay up to 15 days

Georgia (15 U.S. $ or 10 euros) Sri Lanka (with recommendation letter from the Turkish honorary consul in Colombo) Citizens of all countries mentioned above not get their visas at the Turkish Consulate!!

TRANSPORTATION IN TURKEY


By plane

The route network of the Turkish airline THY connects the international airports of Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Adana, Trabzon, Dalaman and Antalya with all the major cities of Turkey. Information on schedules, reduced rates and prices are available in all THYBüros (see "Links"). THY buses for the transfer from the airport into the city and vice versa are available everywhere.

By boat

Passenger ships Along the coast of the Marmara Sea, the Mediterranean and Black Sea are regular passenger ships of the Turkish shipping company TDI. Departure: Galata Bridge (Karaköy), Sirkeci and Eminönü. Cruises should be made as early as possible as they require. The Bogazici (Bosphorus) - Coastal areas are also fahrplanmäßig there.

Car ferries

a) Istanbul - Mudanya

b) Istanbul - Bandirma

c) Eskihisar-Topcular

d) Canakkale - Eceabat

e) Gelibolu - Lapseki

f) Odunluk - Bozcaada

g) Gökceada - Kabatepe

h) Istanbul - Izmir

i) Bodrum - Körmen (Datca)

j) Istanbul - Sinop - Samsun - Ordu - Giresun - Rize - Trabzon

Urban Transport

Bogazici Karaköy (European side) - Haydarpasa (Asian side)

Karaköy (europ. page) - Kadiköy (asiat. page) Sirkeci-Kabatas-Adalar-Yalova-Cinarcik Marmara - Passenger service

Avsa, Mara-Mara Islands - Erdek

Istanbul, Marmara and Avsa Seebusse The modern, fast Seebusse circulate regularly and frequently between the important maritime stations Istanbul

a) Bostanci - Kabatas

b) Bostanci - Kartal

c) Bostanci - Karaköy

d) Bostanci - Büyükada island

e) Bostanci - Bakirköy

f) Bostanci - Bakirköy

g) Kadiköy - Bakirköy

h) Kadiköy - Karaköy

i) Kartal - Yalova

i) Yalova - Kabatas

j) Büyükada - Kabatas

k) Bostanci - Yenikapi - Marmara - Avsa During the winter season Seebusse not circulate to the islands. Van - Sea ferry Between Van and the island of Akdamar operate daily during the season motorboats. On the lake runs a railway ferry between Tatvan and Van, the transit route to Iran. Information regarding reductions and timetables give all offices of the Turkish shipping company By train

Turkey is a vast rail network. Most trains have Liege, sleeping and dining cars. One attraction is in the form of nostalgia trips of varying length and in different areas of the country leading by a steam locomotive driven, comfortable trains required. Information regarding the roadmap, special discount travel and give all offices of the Turkish railways TCDD

By car

Turkey has a well-developed road network. The Istanbul highway is via the Bosphorus Bridge to Asia and flows into the Istanbul highway - Ankara. The streets of Europe E-80 and E - 90 lead on Turkey to Iran and Iraq.

Signs

International signs. On natural and historical attractions have yellow signs.

Traffic rules

European directives. Legal traffic. Speed Limit 90 km / h on country roads, 50 km / h in urban areas. In rural areas, because of the increased movement of agricultural machinery and livestock herds occurring surprisingly increased caution. The Ankara-Istanbul route is the meistbefahrene the country.

Filling Stations

The main roads are in regular service stations, around the clock are open. (Maintenance, repair shop and restaurant are usually connected). Unleaded gasoline is in the whole of Turkey.

Repairs

Repairers are generally in the outskirts of large cities and to the Turkish champions Hauptverkehrstraßen.Die are remarkably clever! The Turkish Touring and Automobile Club TTOK provides information and provides assistance.

Car Rental

In the whole of Turkey, there are car rentals. Any information obtained from the local tourist offices.

Buses

All cities are among the country by a hand operated by private bus system. Buses depart at any time of day in big cities from the bus stations and in small towns mostly from the market place. Busfahren is the cheapest type of movement in Turkey.

Taxis and dolmus (Dolmusch)

Taxis are numerous in all cities and towns. You see it in the yellow color of the car. All taxis are equipped with taxi meters. A dolmus is a taxi or minibus, which, before it is a particular route abfährt while waiting until all seats are occupied. For this mode of transport is set stops, and the fees are from the city administration. A dolmus runs in larger cities, runs in the suburbs, the airport and often in neighbouring places.

Tour

Besides Istanbul, Izmir and Ankara can be found in any holiday travel agencies, city tours, half and full-day trips to the major attractions and several round trips in the program.

Tuesday, July 8, 2008

THE CONSTITUTION

Like all modern democracies also sets the Turkish Republic of value to a separation of state power institutions. No state organ is above the other.
The Republic of Turkey, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, is a parliamentary republic.
The right to self-determination is in the hands of the people, the exercise is to Parliament.
1946 saw the development of Turkey to a multi-party state. 1961, the first independent Constitutional Court. The state institutions are the legislative, executive and judiciary. Legislative power lies with the Parliament. For the executive are the country's president and a commission of government ministers. The judiciary is independent from the government.
The legislature
550 MPs, the Turkish Parliament. Representatives shall be elected every five years in free, secret election. Anyone at least 18 years old citizen of his basic training school has the right to choose. Each 30-year-old citizen of his basic training school has the right to be elected. The electoral processes are required by law. Members represent the people and summon it before their term of office with a constitutionally defined oath.
The executive
The executive form of government President and ministerial bodies. The president represents the Turkish state in the first place. With its inaugural seven-year term he renounced his party affiliation. Nobody can be elected president twice. The prime minister and his ministers form the Council of Ministers. The Prime Minister is at the behest of the President from among the members appointed. The ministers will be selected by the Prime Minister and State President.
The jurisdiction
Judicial authorities are in Turkey by independent courts and the Supreme Court claimed. According to the Basic Law, the jurisdiction in the interest of law on the independence and incorruptibility of judges and courts. The negotiations are, except in special cases, publicly.
The legal system
The Turkish legal system is used primarily by Constitution, laws and implementing rules (statutes, regulations and decrees) secured. The executive bodies have the task of the existing legal system be maintained.
At the time of the Republic was founded, in order to lose no time, no legal order established, but in large parts of European models. The Penal Code is just like the Constitution, in accordance with international principles. Nobody can, for example, in retrospect punished for something, which at the time of the act was not illegal - no judge can interpret things differently.
State government forms
The legislative and executive powers belong to the central state administration. Turkey provides administrative services not only centrally located in the capital, but also regionally, through representatives elected by the people.

CLIMATE


Turkey is located in the south of the temperate zone. The influence of the Mediterranean subtropical climate provides in general for the dry and hot summer. However, the climatic conditions in the various regions:

The Mediterranean region

At the southern Turkish coast is a typical Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild and rainy winters. The pleasant water temperatures allow, from early May until the end of October in the Mediterranean to swim. The provinces of Burdur and Isparta in the Taurus Mountains lie in the climatic transition zone between coastal region and inland areas.

The Aegean region

In the coastal region has a Mediterranean climate, while inland increasingly rauhere continental climate dominated. Bathing season is from June to September.

The Marmara region

With a little more humid summers than in the Mediterranean region is the bathing season on the Marmara Sea in the months of June, July and August. The cold winter provide much frost and even snow.

The Black Sea region

The every season niederschlagsreiche Black Sea region is divided into three climatic zones: During the East (Trabzon and Rize), with hot summers and mild winters the largest rainfall which, it rains in the central Black Sea Region (Ordu) less, the climate is similar to the Mediterranean region. In the west (Zonguldak and Sinop) relatively little it rains, the humidity is low. Bathing season is from late June until mid-August.

Central Anatolia

The summers are milder than the Mediterranean and the winter cold. Spring and fall are the niederschlagsreichsten seasons.

Eastern Anatolia

The continental climate of this region provides for long and snowy winter, the summer temperatures are lower than in Southeast Anatolia.

Southeastern Anatolia

In south-eastern Anatolia is a steppe climate with hot summers and dry, every year drought likely to bring.

POPULATION OF TURKEY

The population of Turkey is about 72 million, of which 41% live in the countryside. The largest cities are Istanbul with 11, the state capital with 4 Ankara, Izmir with 3.3, with 1.9 Adana, Bursa and Antalya with 1.6 with 1.1 million inhabitants (1990).
The high growth rate has declined slightly, from 1990 to 1997 it amounted to an average of 1.5%. One Statistics from 1990 show that the proportion of male population slightly higher than that of women, remarkable is the large population of young people. Due to the high rate of rural exodus to the cities broad increase. The Marmara region is an important center for industry and trade, there is the highest population density.

TURKISH THEATER


In the depths of Anatolian history, with its rituals and ceremonies to worship God, is perhaps the roots of today's theatre art. One of the key elements of the festivities and celebrations of seldschukischen and Ottoman society were migrant review games, a sort of folk theatre represented. These shows included Meddah (public and fairy-tale story-tellers), Kukla (puppet), Karagöz-Hacivat (Turkish shadow play) and Orta Oyunu (alttürk. folk drama). This glänzendste had their time in the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th Century. However, in these years the growth of pieces written notice. As the famous theatre player Muhsin Ertuğrul the leadership of the Darülbedayi (Istanbul City Theatre) in the Republic over time, modern plays were translated and performed. This new situation encouraged the local writer and together with the then understanding of a decoration, a Szenierung art and drama was the foundation of today's Turkish theatre. In 1931, the Darülbedayi to the Istanbul municipality and bound her name in 1934 in Istanbul City Theatre has been amended. Again on the initiative Muhsin Ertuğruls were in 1935 in this city theatre two children theatre.

In the year 1936 was the Ankara State Conservatory was founded and its first graduates in 1941 formed the Tatbikat Sahnesi (studio stage). In 1949, the State Theatre and Opera "was founded, which from now on the pieces of Tatbikat Sahnesi over. The State Theatre has been through a Directorate General of the Ministry of Culture and tied began in 1970 theatres across the Turkey to establish. At present, still in cities like Ankara, Istanbul, Van, Sivas, Izmir, Bursa, Adana, Trabzon, Diyarbakir, Antalya, Erzurum and Konya directorates founded and stages, confirming the State Theatre with his touring the districts outside the centres can achieve . This facility is also in the field of children's theatre very active.

In addition to the state theatres, so do the communities supported by the municipal theater and private theatre an important role. The number of private theatre, in the development of the Turkish theatre an important function taking notes since 1950, steadily increasing. The year 1951 from the State Theatre outgoing Muhsin Ertuğrul founded the "Küçük cream" (Small Stage) and formed many theater actor. The main theatre of this period were "Çığır cream", "Cep Tiyatrosu", "Muammer Karaca Tiyatrosu" and "Istanbul Opereti".

In the 1960s developed these private theatre and also increased the number is constantly increasing. But amateur theatre have been removed from the ground gestampft. In 1955, the Dormen Theatre, 1961 the Oraloğlu Theatre, 1962 the Gülriz Sururi - Engin Cezzar Ensemble, 1963, the Sanat Theatre (AST) in Ankara. In addition to pieces by these theatres were also important productions for children. The 1970s were the theatre for a slightly stillere time. From the mid-1980s, the private theatre revived.

Hadi Çaman Yeditepe Ensemble, Enis Fosforoğlu Theatre, Hodri Meydan Cultural Center, Ferhan Şensoy Community Ensemble, Devekuşu cabaret, Kent Ensemble Theatre Dostlar, Ali Poyrazoğlu Theater, Nejat Uygur Theatre, Levent Kırca-Oya Başar theatres are some of the theatre, in the 1960s and 70s, some of them still present, a valuable contribution to the Turkish theatre have done.

The theater writing evolved since the founding of the Republic increasingly, with a corporate, realitätskritische line was carried out. An important name is Haldun Taner, with regard to all the special features of the traditional Turkish theater, plays for the political cabaret, in which actors such as Zeki Alasya, Metin Akpınar and Ahmet Güldal an important role in medicine, has written. Other important contributions to the Turkish theatre provided, inter alia, Necati Cumalı, Güngör Dilmen, Orhan Asena, Turan Oflazoğlu, Turgut Özakman, Ferhan Şensoy and Selim İleri with their land.

TURKISH PRODUCERS

ATAMAN (Nait) Ataman Nait is born in 1923 in Izmir. After the Efe Film Society was founded, he founded in the year 1963 the Arzu Film Society. Some of his most important films: Sürtük (Ertem Eğilmez), Bir Millet Uyanıyor (Ertem Eğilmez), Selamsız Bandosu (Nesli Gülgeçen), Kaçamak (Başar Sabuncu), Zengin Mutfağı (Başar Sabuncu). BIRSEL (Özdemir) Birsel Özdemir is born in 1929 in Istanbul. After he and his brother Nüzhet Birsel Birsel the film company had founded, he founded in 1968 the Film Society Hissar. He married actress Belgin Doruk. His economic recovery, he through the series and his first experience as a director he made with the film "Yunus Emre." Some of his most important films: Dokuz Dağın Efesi, Suçlular Aramızda (Metin Erksan); Haremde Dört Kadın (Halit Refiğ), Yedi Kocalı Hürmüz (Atıf Yılmaz). DEMIRAĞ (Turgut) Demirağ Turgut is born in 1920 in Istanbul and died in 1987 in Sivas. He studied in 1939 in America in the University of Southern California and founded Acting And then the Film Society (1945). His first experience as a director, he made the film "Bir Dağ Masalı (1946). Turgut Demirdağ was a long-time chairman of the Producenten Association and is the father of Melike Demirağ.Einige his most important films: Fato-Ya Ya Ölüm Istiklal (1950); Aşk ve Kin (1964), Çanakkale Aslanları (1965), Abbase Sultan (1968), Ayrı Dünyalar (1969). DURU (Naci) Duru Naci is born in 1906 in Istanbul and died in 1984. He worked for a time as a manager (1930), and was the father of the director Süreyya Duru.Einige his most important films: Yüzbaşı Tahsin, Sürgün (O. Murat Arıburnu); Beyaz Mendil (Lütfi Ö. Akad), Gelinin Muradı (Atıf Yılmaz ). ERGUN (Cengiz) Cengiz Ergun is born in 1942 in Amasya. Did his first experience as a film producer with the film "Otobüs (1977). He founded the first Estet Video Film Society (1982), then he founded with the Atıf Yılmaz Odak Film Society (1985). Some of his most important films: Adı Vasfiye, Ah Belinda, Değirmen; Hayallerim, Aşkım ve Sen (Atıf Yılmaz); Anayurt Oteli ( Ömer Kavur), Arabam-Fikrimin Ince Gülü (Tunç Okan). ERMAN (Hürrem) Erman Hürrem is born in 1913 in Selanik. He opened a cinema in Adapazarı (1935) and founded the Film Society Erman (1946). Some of his most important films: Vurun Kahpeye, Gelin, Düğün, Diyet, Vesikalı Yarim, Gökçe Çiçek (Lütfi Ö. Akad); Deli Yusuf (Atıf Yılmaz). FILMER (Cemil) Cemil filmmaker is born in 1895 in Istanbul. After he graduated from the Military Academy was founded in Kadıköy Kuşdili the cinema. Then he founded the Lale Filmgesellschaft.Einige his most important films: Nilgün (Münir Hayri Egeli), Kadın Severse (Atıf Yılmaz), Beş Hasta Var (Atıf Yılmaz), Kalbimin Şarkısı (Lütfi Ö. Akad). INANOĞLU (Berker) Inanoğlu Berker is born in 1942. He founded the first film company he founded after he Sezer Film Society (1974). Berker Inanoğlu is the brother of Türker Inanoğlu.Einige his most important films: Hayat mı Bu (Orhan Aksoy), Ikibin Yılın Sevgilisi (Ertem Göreç), Bir Demet Menekşe (Zeki Ökten). INANOĞLU (Türker) Inanoğlu Türker is born in 1936 in Safranbolu. 1958 he started as assistant director at work. His first experience as a director he makes with the film "Send ayrı yaşayamam (1960). He founded Erler 1962 the Film Society and married the actress Filiz Akın, but the marriage did not last long. His second marriage, he went with the actress Gülşen Bubikoğlu. In 1984, he had a big success as a producer. He was also the Chairman of the institutions and SESAM FIYAP Some of his most important films: Ihtiras Fırtınası, Leyla ile Mecnun, Alev Alev, Kurtar Beni (Halit Refiğ); Kayıp Kızlar (Orhan Elmas), Yarınsız Adam (Ümit Efekan). IPEKÇI (Ihsan) Is 1901 in Selanik born and died in 1966. In the years where his family silk trading company he began as a manager to work (1920). With his brother Kani Ipekçi Ipek, he founded the Film Society (1928). Under the name of Ihsan Koza, he wrote novels and Drehbücher.Einige his most important films: Bir Millet Uyanıyor, Bataklı Damın Kızı Aysel (Muhsin Ertuğrul); Senede Bir Gün (Ferdi Tayfur), Yalnızlar Rıhtımı, Zümrüt (Lütfi Ö. Akad). KESEMEN (Kadir) Kesemen Kadir is born in 1927 in Erzurum and died in 1980. He founded the Dadaş Film Society (1965). Some of his most important films: Hudutların Kanunu, Kızılırmak-Karakoyun, Irmak (Lütfi Ö. Akad), Kozanoğlu (Atıf Yılmaz), Eşrefpaşalı (Tokatlı Erdoğan). KESKINER (Abdurrahman) Keskiner Abdurrahman is born in 1941 in Osmaniye. He was the manager of the actor Yılmaz Güney (1965). He founded the film company Umut (1971). Some of his most important films: Hazal (Ali Özgentürk), Yılanı Öldürseler (Türkan Şoray), Muhsin Bey (Yavuz Turgul). KESKINER (Arif) Arif Keskiner is born in 1928 in Osmaniye. He worked for a time as a journalist, then he founded the Film Society Eka and afterwards he founded the Film Society Çiçek. His first experience as a director he made with the film "Hüsnü Amigo (1875). Arif Keskiner is the brother of Abdurrahman Keskiner.Einige his most important films: Kapıcılar Kralı (Zeki Ökten), Selvi Boylum Al Yazmalım (Atıf Yılmaz), maggots (Yavuz Özkan). KONDAKÇI (Lokman) Kondakçı Lokman is born in 1952 in Trabzon. He was the Chairman of the Commission and export Varlık founded the Film Society (1985). Some of his most important films: Merdoğlu Ömer Bey (Yusuf Kurçenli), Ipekçe (Ümit Elçi), Zincir (Korhan Yurtsever), Aşkın Ilk Yarısı (Hüseyin Karakaş). KÖSEOĞLU (Murat) Köşeoğlu Murat is born in 1902 in Trabzon and died in 1977 in Istanbul. He worked as a manager (1932). With Nazif Duru, he founded the Atlas Film Society (1945). Then he founded the independent film company Acar. Was chairman of the Turkish film producers (1975). Some of his most important films: Karanlık Dünya (Metin Erksan), Duvaklı Göl (Şakir Sırmalı), El Kızı, Buzlar Çözülmeden, Asiye Nasıl Kurtulur, Mahpus, Vukuat Var (Nejat Saydam). ÖZER (Nazmi) Özer Nazmi is born in 1936 in Yozgat. He made his entry into the film industry as Bildmontur. His first experience as a director he made with the film "Döcüşmek Şart Oldu (1966), and founded the Emek Filmgesellschaft.Einige behind his most important films: Arkadaşım, Metres (Orhan Elmas), Yılanların Öcü (Şerif Gönen). PESEN (Nevzat) Pesen Nevzat is born in 1924 in Izmir and died in 1973 in Istanbul. He has a long time as a manager worked (1940), and then founded the Film Society Pesen (1957). His first experience as a director he made with the film "Kızımın Başına Gelenler 1958". After an economic crisis Selbstmord.Einige he began his most important films: Samanyolu, Ikimize bir Dünya, Ahtapotun Kolları, Hızlı Yaşayanlar. RUTKAY (Fuat) Rutkay Fuat is born in 1908 in Istanbul and died in 1958. He has worked as security officers and as a manager worked. First he founded the film company Doğan (1945), then he founded the People's Film Society (1947). He married Suzan Yakar.Einige his most important films: Kızılırmak-Karakoyun (Muhsin Ertuğrul), Boş Beşik (Baha Gelenbevi), Kara Davut (Mahir Canova), Sarı Zeybek (Münir Hayri Egeli). SANER (Hulki) Saner Hulki is 1925 in Istanbul geboren.Er studied music in America and was also a long time with music. For some films, he composed the music. After the Arı Bronz and film companies had founded, he founded the Film Society Saner (1958). He made his first experience as a director with the film "Sevmek Günah mı" (1958) Some of his most important films: Fıstık Gibi Maşallah, Soytarı, Damdaki Kemancı (yapımcı): Cemile (Atıf Yılmaz), Menekşe Gözler (Atıf Yılmaz), Eyvah (Metin Erksan), Şeytan (Metin Berksan). SEDEN (Şakir) Seden Şakir is born in 1890 in Istanbul and died in Istanbul. He opened with his brother together one of the first cinemas. After he was operations manager had worked, he founded the Seden Kardeşler Film Society (1922). Some of his most important films: Namına Kanun, Kaatil, Öldüren Şehir (Lütfi Ö. Akad); Uğruna Namus (Osman F. Seden). SOYDAN (Selim) Soydan Selim who was born in 1941 is a long time and played football. 1968 he married the actress Hülya Koçyiğit and founded 1975, Gülşah Film Society. Some of his most important films: Derman, Firar, Kurbağalar (Şerif Gören). TUNALI (Yaşar) Tunalı Yaşar is born in 1942 in Mersin. He worked for a short time as an actor and then founded the Topkapı Film Society (1966). Some of his most important films: Son Darbe (Halit Refiğ), Güneşe Köprü, Seyyit, 72 Koğuş (Erdoğan Tokatlı); Deniz Kızı (Yavuzer Çetinkaya), Acı Dünya (Ümit Efekan). TURGUT (Kadir) Turgut Kadir is born in 1948 in Elazığ. He has a long time worked as a bookkeeper. With his brother Ferit Turgut Turgut he founded the Film Society (1980). Some of his most important films: Namuslu (Ertem Eğilmez), Çıplak Vatandaş, Asılacak Kadın (Başar Sabuncu), Gizli Duygular, Beyoğlu'nun Arka Yakası, Katırcılar On Kadın, Sen Türkülerini Söyle (Şerif Gören). UTKU (Ümit) Utku Ümit is born in 1929 in Mardin. After he had left the army he began to write screenplays. He founded the 1958 Kervan Film Society. He was not only acting as a producer but also as a director. He was the Chairman of the Association and producers of the film-San association, while he was chairman and secretary-general of different clubs. Some of his most important films: Yaban Gülü, Koçero, yapımcı: Pir Sultan Abdal (Remzi Jöntürk), Üvey Ana, Sana Ben Mecburum, Yazgı (Ülkü Erakalın). ÜNAL (Irfan) Ünal Irafan is born in 1932 in Istanbul. He founded 1964, the Akün Film Society and also as a manager worked. Then he founded the Film Society Saray. Some of his most important films: Umutsuzlar, Baba (Yılmaz Güney); Dönüş (Türkan Şoray), Zeyno, Cemo, Kambur (Atıf Yılmaz); Deprem, Köprü (Şerif Gören). YUDATAP (Kadri) Yudatap Kadri is born in 1931 in Istanbul. He has worked as a journalist and published various magazines over the cinema. Then Ülkü Erkalın founded with the Ülkü Film Society (1963) and founded in 1975 his own film company mine. Some of his most important films: Kızgın Toprak (Feyzi Tuna), Dul Bir Kadın (Atıf Yılmaz), Kupa Kızı (Başar Sabuncu), Züğürt Ağa (Nesli Çölgeçen), Kuyucaklı Yusuf (Feyzi Tuna), Her Şeye Rağmen (Orhan Oğuz), Av Zamanı (Erden Kıral), Benim Sinemalarım (Füruzan, Gülsün Karamustafa).

TURKISH DIRECTORS-FILM HISTORY

AKAD (Lütfi Ö.) Akad Lütfi Ö. is born in 1916 in Istanbul. He is one of the major directors of the Turkish film and the first stage. His first experience as a director, he made the film Damga (1948), the director Seyfi Havaeri not the end of his most important shot hatte.Einige films: Namına Kanun (1952), Beyaz Mendil (1955), Üç Tekerlekli Bisiklet (1962), Hudutların Kanunu (1966), Kızılırmak-Karakoyun (1967), Irmak (1972), Gökçe Çiçek (1972), Gelin; Düğün (1973). AKSOY (Orhan) Orhan Aksoy is born in 1930 in Bursa. His entry into the film industry, he as a cameraman. His first experience as a director, he made the film Şıpsevdi (1963). Orhan Aksoy turned especially melodramatic Filme.Einige his most important films: Vurun Kahpeye (1964), Bu Hayat mı (1972), Altın Şehir (1978), Isyan (1979). ARAKON (Aydın) Arakon Aydın is born in 1918 in Edirne. Arakon published together with Sabattin Kudret Aksal some magazines with literary content. His entry into the film industry, he as a scriptwriter (1974). His first experience as a director, he made the film Çığlık (1949). Some of his most important films: Istanbul'un Fethi (1951), Vatan Için (1952), Kızıl Tuğ (1953), Fosforlu Cevriye (1959). ARIBURNU (Orhan M.) Orhan M. Arıburnu is born in 1920 in Istanbul. He worked as a reporter and wrote poems. In 1946 played in various films. His first experience as a director he made with the film "Yüzbaşı Tahsin" (1950). Arıburnu married the actress Nedret Güvenç, but the marriage did not last lange.Einige his most important films: Sürgün (1953), Kanlı Paradise (1953), Tütün Zamanı (1959), Yüzbaşı Tahsin (1950). ÇAKMAKLI (Yücel) Çakmaklı Yücel is born in 1937 in Afyon. After a long time as a scriptwriter had worked (Yeni Istanbul), made his entry into the film industry as an assistant. His first experience as a director he made with the film "Kâbe Yolları" that was a documentary. He founded the Film Society Elif (1969). Some of his most important films: Birleşen Yollar (1970), Zehra (1972), Oğlum Osman (1973), Memleketim (1974), Denizin Kanı (TV), Kurtuluş (TV). ÇETIN (Sinan), Sinan Çetin is born in 1953 in Van. He dealt with photography and graphics. His entry into the film industry, he worked as assistant (1975). After he was shot several documentaries, he made the film "Bir Günün Hikayesi" (1980), this was one of the first long films. Some of his most important films: Çirkinler de Sever (1981), Çiçek Abbas (1982), 14 Numara (1986), Gökyüzü (1986). ÇÖLGEÇEN (Nesli) Çölgeçen Nesli is born in 1955 in Manisa. After a number of documentaries and films about some of the Anatolian culture was shot, he made the film "Kardeşim Benim'le" (1983), this was one of the first long Filme.Einige its most important films: Züğürt Ağa (1986), Selamsız Bandosu ( 1988. DORMEN (Haldun) Haldun Dormen is born in 1928 in Mersin. After a long time as an actor in the theater had worked, he plays in some directing. In 1966 he moved to the film industry over and over, only two films "Bozuk Düzen" (1966) and "Bir Güzel Gün Için" (1967), the director. DURU (Süreyya) Duru Süreyya is born in 1930 in Istanbul and died in 1988. He founded the Film Society Murat. His first experience as a director he made with the film "Istanbul'da Aşk Başkadır" (1960). Some of his most important films: Bedrana (1974), Kara Çarşaflı Gelin (1975), Güneşli Bataklık (1977), Derya Gülü (1979), Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne (1986), Uzun Bir Gece (1986), Ada (1988). DURU (Yılmaz) Duru Yılmaz is born in 1933 in Isatnbul. He worked in the operetta (1944). After some time as a professional dancer had worked, he began as an actor to work (1954). He founded the Film Society Tura. His first experience, he director with the film "Ekmek Kavgası" (1966). Some of his most important films: Ince Cumali (1968), Kara Doğan (1972), Meyro (1973). EĞILMEZ (Ertem) Eğilmez Ertem is born in 1929 in Istanbul. He founded the publishing house Çağlayan and worked as a publisher. First he founded the Film Society Efe and then the Arzu Film Society (1953). His first experience as a director he made with the film "Fatoş'un Fendi Tayfur'u Yendi" (1964). Some of his most important films: Sürtük (1970), Sev Kardeşim (1972), Hababam Sınıfı (1975), Erkek Güzeli Sefil Bilo (1979), Namuslu (1984), Arabesk (1988). ELMAS (Orhan) Elmas Orhan is born in 1927 in Istanbul. First, he works as a journalist and then as a stage artist. In 1945, he as an actor its entry into the film industry and then wrote a few screenplays and began in 1957 as a director to work. Some of his most important films: Kanlı Firar (1960), Boş Beşik (1969), Ezo Gelin (1973), Metres (1983), Kayıp Kızlar (1984). ERAKALIN (Ülkü) Erakalın Ülkü is born in 1934 in Istanbul. He first worked as a journalist and then as assistant director. Erakalın Ülkü made his first experience as a director with the film "Unutamadığım Kadın" (1961). Some of his most important films: Önemli filmleri: Çatallı Köy (1968), Iki Süngü Arasında (1973), Yazgı (1976), Ben Sana Mecburum (1976 ) ERKSAN (Metin) Ersan Metin is Çanakkale born in 1929. After newspapers in various agencies had worked as an editor, he wrote several screenplays (1950). His first experience as a director, he made films with "Aşık Veysel'in Hayatı - Karanlık Dünya" (1952). Some of his most important films: Dokuz Dağın Efesi (1958), Gecelerin Ötesi (1961), Yılanların Öcü (1962), Acı Hayat (1963), Susuz Yaz (1963), Sevmek Zamanı (1966), Kuyu (1968), Sensiz Yaşayamam ( 1977), Prevezden Önce (1981-TV). ERTUĞRUL (Muhsin) Muhsin Ertuğrul is born in 1892 in Istanbul and died in 1979. He was abroad (Germany and Russia) as an actor and director. His first experience as a director he made with the film "Darülbedayi'e" (1921). In 1922 he led for the first time in Turkey Director (Istanbul'da Bir Facia-i Aşk). He made a decisive contribution to the founding of the Turkish theatre. Many years as director at the State Theatre tätig.Einige his most important films: Ateşten Gömlek (1923), Bir Millet Uyanıyor (1932), Bataklı Damın Kızı Aysel (1934), Şehvet Kurbanı (1940). GÖREÇ (Ertem) Ertem Göreç is born in 1933 in Bursa. He has many years in the assembly department and worked as an assistant. His first experience as a director he made with the film "Sevda Karabakh". (1960) Some of his most important films: Otobüs Yolcuları (1961), Karanlıkta Uyananlar (1965), Pamuk Prenses ve 7 Cüceler (1970), Sahtekâr (1972). GÖREN (Şerif) Gören Şerif is born in 1944 in Iskeçe. He works as an editor and assisted for a time Yılmaz Güney. His first experience as a director he made with the film "Endişe" (1974). Some of his most important films: Almanya Acı Vatan (1979), Psyol (1982), Derman (1983), Kan (1985), Firar (1984), Kurbağalar (1985), On Kadın (1987). GÜNEY (Yılmaz) Yılmaz Güney is born in 1937 in Adana and died in 1984 in Paris. He wrote short stories in various magazines were published. He assisted Atıf Yılmaz and worked as an actor (1958). Güney wrote screenplays and his first experience as a director, he made the film "At Avrat Silah" (1966). Some of his most important films: Endişe (Şerif Gören), Sürü (Zeki Ökten ), Düşman (Zeki Ökten), Psyol (Şerif Gören) - Oyuncu: Ben Öldükçe Yaşarım (Duygu Sağıroğlu), Hudutların Kanunu (Lütfi Ö. Akad), Kurbanlık Katil (Akad), Kozanoğlu (Atıf Yılmaz). Yönetmen-oyuncu: Seyyit Han (1969), Umut (1970), Ağıt (1971), Baba (1971), Acı (1971), Umutsuzlar (1971), Arkadaş (1974). GÜRSES (Muharrem) Gürses Muharrem is born in 1913 in Amasya. He played in the State Theatre (1931) and wrote for various newspapers separation novels. His first experience as a director he made with the film "Zeynep'in Gözyaşları" (1951). Some of his most important films: Kubilay (1953), Sazlı Damın Kahbesi (1956), Nemrud (1979). KARAMANBEY (Çetin) Karamanbey Çetin is born in 1922 in Çanakkale. After a long time had worked as a journalist, had different activities. He worked as a technician, as an assistant and directed synchronization. Karamanbey Çetin filmed documentaries. His first experience as a director, he made the film with Silik Çehreler (1947). He is the brother of Metin Erksan.Einige his most important films: Çete (1944), Istanbul Canavarı (1954), Merhaba Gençlik (1959). KAVUR (Ömer) Kavur Ömer is born in 1944 in Ankara. He made an apprenticeship as a film producer and then turned some short films. His first experience as a director he made with the film "Yatık Emine" (1947). Some of his most important films: ile Yusuf Kenan (1979), Ah Güzel Istanbul (1981), Göl (1982), Amansız Psyol (1985), Anayurt Oteli (1986), Gece Yolculuğu (1987). KENÇ (Faruq) Kenç Faruk is born in 1910 in Istanbul. He works as a camera assistant. His first experience as a director he made with the film "Taş Parçası'nda" (1939). Kenç Faruk founded the Istanbul Film Society (1944). He married actress Belgin Doruk, but the marriage did not last long and they could be Scheiden.Einige his most important films: Ali Yılmaz (1939), Dertli Pınar (1943), Günahsızlar (1946), Çakırcalı Mehmet Efe (1950), Köroğlu (1953). KIRAL (earth) Kıral earth born in 1942 in Istanbul. He turned a few short films and wrote articles in various journals. Erden Kıral turned his first full-length film "channel" in its most 1978.Einige Film: Bereketli Topraklar Üzerinde (1979), Bir Hakkâri'de Mevsim (1979), Ayna (1984), Av Zamanı (1987)., LIVANELI (Ö. Zülfü) Livaneli Ö, Zülfü is born in 1946 in Ilgın. He rose in the film industry as a film music producer. He wrote history and gave concerts in different countries. By his interpretation, he was known in international space. His first experience as a director he made with the film "Yer Demir Gök Bakır" (1987). Some of his most important films and compositions: Otobüs (Tunç Okan), Sürü (Zeki Ökten), Hazal (Ali Özgentürk), Yılanı Öldürseler (Türkan Şoray ), Psyol (Şerif Gören)-Director: Gölge (1988). OKAN (Tunç) Okan Tunç is born in 1942 in Istanbul. After he worked as a dentist had made his entry into the film industry as an actor and played in the film "Veda Busesi" (1964). After his stay abroad, made his first experience as a director with the film "Otobüs" (1979). Some of his most important films: Prenses (whose director was Sinan Çetin), Cumartesi Cumartesi (1984), Arabam, Fikrimin Incegülü (1987). OLGAÇ (BILGE) Bilge Olgaç is born in 1940 in Vice. He was a long time as assistant to Memdu Ün active (1962). He made his first experience as a director with the film "Üçünüzü de Mıhlarım." Some of his most important films: Linç (1970), Bir Gün Mutlaka (1975), Gülüşan (1985), Kaşık Düşmanı (1984), Gömlek (1988). ÖKTEN (Zeki) Zeki Ökten is born in 1941 in Istanbul. He made his entry into the film industry as an assistant. Zeki Ökten made his first experience as a director with the film "Ölüm Pazarı" (1960). Some of his most important films: Bir Demet Menekşe (1973), Sürü (1978), Düşman (1979), Faize Hücum (1982), Pehlivan (1984 ), Ses (1986). ÖZGENTÜRK (Ali) Özgentürk Ali is born in 1947 in Adana. After a long period of time worked in the theatre, he began to shoot documentaries. He assisted Yılmaz Güney and made his first experience as a director with the film "Hazal" (1980). Some of his most important films: At (1981), Bekçi (1984), Su da Yanar (1986). ÖZKAN (Yavuz) Yavuz Özkan is born in 1942 in Yozgat. After a long time had worked in the theatre, made his first experience as a director with the film "Vardiye" (1974). Some of his most important films: Maden (1979), Demiryol (1979), Yağmur Kaçakları (1987), Umutlar Yarına Kaldı (1988). REFIĞ (Halite) Halit Refiğ is born in 1934 in Izmir. He worked in various magazine acts as a critic. After a time as assistant to Atıf Yılmaz had worked, made his first experience as a director with the film "Yasak Aşk" (1960). Some of his most important films: Şafak Bekçileri (1963), Gurbet Kuşları (1964), Haremde Dört Kadın (1965), Bir Turk Gönül Verdim (1969), Aşk-ı Mennu (TV), Yorgun Savaşçı (TV was not sent), Ihtiras Fırtınası (1983), Teyzem (1986), Kurtar Beni (1987). SABUNCU (Başar) Sabuncu Başar was born in 1943 in Istanbul. He has a long time for the theatre scripts written and directed. Sabuncu Başar made its entry into the film industry as a scriptwriter (1959) and his first experience as a director he made with the film "Çıplak Vatandaş" (1960). Some of his most important films (scriptwriter): Adak, Talihli Amele (Atıf Yılmaz), Şalvar Davası (scriptwriter was Kartal Tibet), Asılacak Kadın (1986), Kaçamak (1987), Zengin Mutfağı (1988). SAĞIROĞLU (Duygu) Sağıroğlu Duygu is born in 1932 in Trabzon. He has in the theatre as a decorator, as a graphic designer and worked as an assistant. He made his first experience as a director with the film "Bitmeyen Psyol" (1964). Some of his most important films: Ben Öldükçe Yaşarım (1966), Vatan ve Namık Kemal (1969). SAYDAM (Nejat) Saydam Nejat is born in 1929 in Istanbul. In 1946 he played in the theatre. Former He made his in the film industry as an assistant (1950) and turned his first film "Kin" 1957. Some of his most important films: Kapaklılar (1959), Buzlar Çözülmeden (1965), Mahpus (1973). SEDEN (Osman) Seden Osman is born in 1924 in Istanbul. With Lütfi Ö. Akad, he made some script then try and founded the Film Society Seden. His first experience as a director he made with the film "Kanlarıyla Ödediler" (1955). Some of his most important films: Düşman Yolları Kesti (1959), Namus Uğruna (1960), Çlıkuşu (1966). TOKATLI (Erdoğan) Tokatlı Erdoğan is born in 1939 in Denizli. He worked as a scriptwriter and as an interpreter while he assisted several directors. Tokatlı Erdoğan made his first experience as a director with the film "Son Kuşlar" (1965). Some of his most important films: Eşrefpaşalı (1966), Fidan (1894), Suçumuz Insan Olmak (1986), 72 Koğuş (1987). TUNA (Fevzi) Fevzi Tuna is born in 1939 in Balıkesir. After he worked as an assistant, made his first experience as a director with the film "Aşka Susayanlar" (1963). Some of his most important films: Yasak Sokaklar (1965), Kızgın Toprak (1973), Üç Istanbul (TV), Yusuf Kuyucaklı (1985). TURGUL (Yavuz) Yavuz Turgul is born in 1946 in Istanbul. He worked a long time as a journalist. In the film industry, he made his entrance as a scriptwriter next Ertem Eğilmez. He made his first experience as a director with the film "Fahriye Abla" (1984). Some of his most important films: Çiçek Abbas (Sinan Çetin), Züğürt Ağa (Nesli Çölgeçen) your directors: Muhsin Bey (1986). Overnight (Memduh) Ün Memduh is born in 1920 in Istanbul. He was named Turhan Ün known (1947), together with Arşavir Alyanak Yakut, he founded the Film Society (1951). He made his first experience as a director with the film "Yetim Yavrular, after he founded the Uğur Filmgesellschaft.Einige his most important films: Üç Arkadaş (1958), Ateşten Damla (1960), Kırık Çanaklar (1961), Kaçak (1982), Gönül Dostları (TV). YILMAZ (Atıf) Atıf Yılmaz is born in 1925 in Mersin. He wrote articles over the cinema and worked for a time as a billboard painter. 1950 he made his entry into the film industry as an assistant. He made his first experience as a director with the film "Kanlı Ferman." Atıf Yılmaz established, with Orhan Günşiray Yerli the Film Society (1960). Some of his most important films: Gelinin Muradı (1957), Ah Güzel Istanbul (1966), Adak (1979), Selvi Boylum Al Yazmalım (1977), Bir Yudum Sevgi (1984 ), Mine (1982), Adı Vasfiye (1985), Aaahh Belinda (1985), Hayellerim Aşkım ve Sen (1987).

TURKISH CINEMA


Towards the end of the 19th Century, a few years in Paris after the first Kinematograph demonstrations were presented to the audience, came the cinema in Turkey. The in 1914 by Fuat Uzkınay twisted documentary, entitled "The decline of the Russian giant in San Stefanos" will be the first Turkish film to be considered. Among the first films can be considered as the second began in 1914 and ended in 1919 film "The Wedding of Himmet Agas "be counted. During this period, in addition to news films about the First World War, also addressed films. With the founding of the first film production company in 1922 and the takeover of the activity was director of theater artists Muhsin Ertuğrul with its productions until the year 1950 one of the most important names of the Turkish cinema. He took on this task during his entire career artists and turned to the thirty films. Among them are the most important in 1923 film "shirt of fire", the liberation war theme and the first Turkish female actress a role source, the first shall designate Turkish film "Streets of Istanbul" (1931) and the film "A people awakes from the year 1932. In the productions of the one-two films per year rotating director played the influence of the theatre an important role.

From the influence of the theatre was the only film in the 1950s and solve their own language film. As one of the first directors of this stage can be described Lütfü Akad. Against the 1960s, the number of films produced per year to sixty. With the start of this years directors such as Metin Erksan, Halit Refiğ, Ertem Göreç, Duygu Sağıroğlu, Nevzat Pesen and Memduh Ün especially gesellschaftsrelevante topics related to highly successful films. In the period towards the end of the 1960s beginning, television influenced the cinema in increasingly negative way. Among the directors of this phase include Yılmaz Güney, Süreyya Duru, Zeki Ökten, Şerif Gören, Fevzi Tuna, and Kavur Ömer Ali Özgentürk, mainly social and economic topics treated. In the 1980s, the relationship between cinema and develop state and the Turkish cinema began attracted international attention to. Topics such as society, psychology and women's rights were to the fore. In the 1990s, joined the film in a period in which although fewer, but qualitativere productions have been carried out. The beginning of the lessons of the cinematographic art at the universities, training conscious directors and actors as well as support from the state were reasons for this development. Other factors may include the competition with television and the international success of the films mentioned.

With the spread of the cinema film also have the demonstration salons increased. Cinemas with large and aesthetic salons came to light, so-called "summer cinemas have been very popular. In the 1970s there was a reduction in the cinemas, was mainly on the popularity of television and video materials. Due to the small number of Turkish films, are mainly European or Hollywood films. With the support of the state and the fund (Association of European cinema) was an increase in Turkish-foreign co-productions and anzahlmäßigen increase in the cinemas. Equally influenced this course also support the development of Turkish cinema and its Changes.

TURKISH LITERATURE

The Turkish literature includes the Turks have always exercised the oral tradition, written literature and how their products. In its historical development, the Turkish literature in three main areas: Turkish literature before Islam; Under the influence of Islamic civilizations emerging Turkish literature; Under the influence of Western civilizations emerging Turkish literature. This classification was taking into account the substantial influence of religious and cultural environment of the Turks.
Turkish literature on Islam
Historical Studies have shown that Central Asia is the original home of the Turks dar. Not all cultural products of the Turks in Central Asia were able to survive the present. If we bear in mind that the first written documents in Turkish from the 6th Century, it may well be argued that this period in question literary basic documents are not available.
Oral tradition: In the book Divanü Lugati't-Turk (Dictionary of Turkish languages) Kaşgarlı Mahmud in the 11th Century has written, was also attended by the oral expressions in writing their place. In the oral literary tradition, especially poems priority. The first poet, as "came", "baksı", "ozan" or "şaman" were called, wore her poems accompanied by an as "kopuz" (birnenförmige, one or more-string guitar) designated instrument. Among the first poets, of which examples of their works could be found, Aprınçur Tigin, Çuçu, Kül Tarkan, Çısuya Tutung, Asıg Tutung, Sungku Seli and Kalım Keyşi ones.
Written tradition: The first Turkish documents are the Yenisey-inscriptions from the 6th Orhun-century and inscriptions from the 8th Century. Particularly memorable speeches written form Orhun-rich inscriptions give information about the social life of the Turkish world, their culture and art.
Under the influence of Islamic civilizations emerging Turkish literature
Following the adoption of the Islamic religion by the ruler of Karahan, Satuk Buğra Han, in the middle of the 10th Century, joined the Turkish world civilization into a new environment. The west migratory Turkish tribes took the influence of these civilizations in the world of literature. Kaşgarlı Mahmud had his dictionary "Divanü Lugati't-Turk" will assist the Turkish Arabs to teach. Yusuf Has Hacib wrote to the state philosophy descriptive work "Kutadgu Bilig" in the 11th Islamic century, taking into account basic ideas. Ali Şir Nevai developed the language of Osttürken "Çağatayca" (Tschagataiisch) as a rich cultural and artistic language. The coming to Anatolia Turkish tribes have also played a major role in the emergence of a new literary tradition in Anatolia. The first examples of this literary tradition in Anatolia go to the 13th Century and can be divided into two areas: the Divan literature and folk literature.
Divan Literature: The literary tradition, during the Ottoman Empire, particularly in Medresen (isl. universities for theology, Juristik and literature) and was taught by the intellectuals in line with the mainly Arab and Persian literature, is commonly referred to as "Divan literature." However, we are also names like "zümre edebiyatı" (professional literature) and "ümmet çağı Türk edebiyatı" (Turkish literature of the period of the religious community). At the time of the emergence of Divan literature in the 13th -- 15 Century Persian translations were widely used. The first poet (Ahmed-i Dâi, Kadı Burhaneddin, Şeyhi) wrote mainly religious poems. In the transitional period of 15 -- 16 Century, this form of literature particularly the inhabitants of the Serails and its surroundings promoted alongside the prose poems was used (Ahmed Pasha, Necati, Mercimek Ahmed, Âşıkpaşazade, Sinan Pasha). At the time of her highest development in the 16th -- 18 Century can be seen that the Divan literature anderwertiger of influence and is based distance and a stage of her own compositions. We tried the classic form regional content. At the same time, there were new trends, particularly as "Sebk-i Hindi known poem, to their representatives Fuzuli, Bâkî, Bağdatlı Ruhi, Nabî, Nef'i, Nedim, Şeyh Galib, Evliya Çelebi, Kâtip Çelebi, Naima, Veysi and Nergisi were.
Folk Literature: A part of the People's Literature, by unknown people write stories, Türkü (folk songs), Mâni (folk poems in Vierzeilern), proverbs, riddles and hiking plays. The so-called literature Tekke (mystical literature) of the 13.-16. Century is a form of religious folk literature. The mysticism, which is very different from religion, with its broad interpretation of tolerance and form the tradition of literature and to enrich its own factor. The poems from the literature were Tekke with special compositions like prayer hymns (eg ilahi and nefes) presented. If the Tekke literature also places Arabic and Persian words includes, but she had the capacity to be easily understood. The Tekke literature were four units and verse extent. The most important representatives this direction were Yunus Emre, Nesimi, Kaygusuz Abdal, Hacı Bayram Veli, Hatayi and Pir Sultan Abdal. Another area of folk literature was the so-called Âşık literature (special literature of the migratory folk singer), the period of the 16th Century to the present. The people designated as Âşık singer moved with her Saz (volkstümliches musical instrument with a long neck, with the most Schlagring played) by Anatolia, led a fight for and for the life and developed a new literary tradition. As examples of this tradition can Karacaoğlan, Âşık Ömer, Gevheri, Dertli, Dadaloğlu, Erzurumlu Emrah, Bayburtlu Zihni, Ruhsati, Sümmani, Âşık Veysel and Ali İzzet Özkan listed.
Under the influence of Western civilizations emerging Turkish literature
After the 18th Century, the Turkish (Ottoman) society in the district of western civilizations enter. The developments in the field of military and the policy caused some time later to influence the literary life. Especially writers, the West know, were representatives of a new literary direction. As a starting point for the new, influenced by Western civilizations Turkish literature, the publication of the newspaper "Tercüman-ı Ahval" in 1860, either, because this was not a newspaper or halbamtliches official press organ, but the first Turkish newspaper which was published privately. The newly launched thus period can be investigated at the following breakdown: Tanzimat period, period of Servet-i Fünun (leading literary magazine), the term Fecr-i Âti (Turkish literature direction at the beginning of the 20th Jhds.) Period of National Literature, the Republic period and thereafter.
1st Important representatives of the Tanzimat Literature:
Namık Kemal, Şinasi, Ahmet Mithat, Ziya Pasha, Mahmut Ekrem, Abdülhak Hamit, Samipaşazade Sezai etc.
2nd Important representatives of the literature of the Servet-i Fünun
Recaizade Mahmut Ekrem, Tevfik Fikret, Cenab Şahabeddin, Halit Ziya Uşaklıgil, Mehmet Rauf, etc.
3rd Important representatives of the literature of the Fecr-i Âti
Ahmed Haşim, Emin Bülent Serdaroğlu, Hamdullah Suphi Tanrıöver, Fuad Koprulu, Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu, etc.
4th Important representatives of the Period of National Literature
Ömer Seyfettin, Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Halide Edip Adıvar, Reşat Nuri Güntekin etc.
5th Important representatives of the literature of the Republic and thereafter
Ziya Osman Saba, Yaşar Nabi Nayır, Nazım Hikmet, Orhan Veli Kanık, Oktay Rıfat, Cahit Külebi, Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar, Peyami Safa, Kemal Tahir, Aziz Nesin, Necati Cumalı, Selim İleri, Fakir Baykurt, Orhan Pamuk, etc.

LANGUAGE

Turkish is for 90% of Turkish population, the native language. Among the other languages are different dialects such as Caucasian and Kurdish and up to 70 different languages and dialects, including Arabic, Greek and Armenian. The Turkish Turkish, belonging to the Turkish language community of Uralo-altaiischen languages, made with an evolution of time and now represents the south-western language branch. These languages-speaking societies have evolved from Central Asia from the east, north-east and the west particularly widespread. Since the earliest times, Turkish from the various languages and language branches of the central Iran and they are influenced by many Caucasian and Indo-European languages rooted. With the adoption of Islam has focused on the Turkish language both an Arab and a Persian influence felt. Since the end of the 19th Century may be assisted by a modern Turkish literary language (for example, Turkish Turkish, Turkish Aserbaidschanisches, Kasachisches Turkish), based on the Turkish language classes based spoken. Turkish is now among the approximately 4000 languages of the world, the seventh-frequently spoken language and is used by more than 200 million people speak.
Since 8 Century to the Turks today use a written language, with the most göktürkische, Uighur, Arab and Latin alphabet was used. After the founding of the Republic and the creation of national unity, especially in the years 1923-1928, was in Turkey central theme of the alphabet. To the new Turkey to a modern civilization level, was the founder of the Republic Mustafa Kemal Atatürk the need to focus on Western cultures and led with this objective in 1928 instead of the Arabic alphabet Latin letters, the Turkish Tonordnung adapted, .
The so-called language revolution, with the aim of Atatürk, to simplify the language, with the establishment of the Turkish Language Society (Türk Dili Tetkik Cemiyeti) in 1932 continued. Shortly after its foundation, the work of this society borne fruit and by the separation of the Turkish language of Arabic, persichen words with regard to their simplification could be achieved important steps. The Turkish language society with a revision of its statutes under in 1983 Ataturk equipped for high culture, language and history of its activities. Among the tasks of this organization include the simplification, enrichment and beautification of the Turkish language. The main outcome of the work on the Turkish language is that in the written language to use Turkish words of 35-40% in 1932 to currently 75-80%. This is the most important evidence that the language of Ataturk's revolution by the people taken into account.

ENGRAVINGS


The engraving, as the printing technology for the production of printing and art products, can be used as Auskratzform, pressure or Schnitzereidruck respectively. The wood, metal or stone slabs on which this technique is applied, with different methods (Auskratzung by hand or use of acids) edited and then coated with ink. Then the plate clean, with only the ink is left in the wells and thereby resulting images are printed on paper using. Since its formation after 15 Century, the art engraving artists a wide application and could develop quickly. Heutzutrage benefit many of the artists in their artistic engraving printing of this technology. By the end of the 19th Century, the engraving on the printing for a quality reproduction of the books used to print photos. As printing technology today is in the form of photo engraving or intaglio printing.

1st Travelogues and travel albums

The generally scattered in the travel descriptions engravings were depicted in some works as a separate volume or pressure as the stone album.

2nd Magazines and yearbooks

In qualitative magazines of the western world have been reports, especially news of the Ottoman Empire with engravings enriched. At the time of the Crimean War in the years 1854-1856 and the Russian-Turkish war in the years 1877-1878 have been many reports of Istanbul, the daily life in Istanbul and other cities of the Ottoman Empire in these journals. In these journals, for example in Paris published "L'Illustration" and the London published "The illustrated London News" and "The graphic. In addition, two quality modern Greek magazines listed are published in Leipzig "Hesperos," particularly notable included engravings of Istanbul, and published in London "He brettanikos aster. Also in Istanbul issued "Servet-i Fünun" with its stone engravings and printing images to be counted.

3rd Works on particular subjects

Among these works is mainly publications on the Ottoman Empire historical and social content. By way of example, Mouradgea d'Ohssons "Tableau de l'Empire General Othoman," Dimitri Kantemirs "The history of the growth and decay of the Ottoman Empire," the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878 years thematisierenden "Cassell's illustrated history of the Russo-Turkish war "and" Russed et Turcs: la guerre d'Orient ".

PAINTING


This form of storytelling, by the people since ancient times was used, was also confirmed by the Turks. It is known that the Turkish tribes of the steppes of Central Asia because of their life form known as "animal paintings" were in the foreground. After the religion of Islam, joined the descriptive painting in the background, because this form of representation on religious grounds. In its place came the art of decorative painting. For this reason is, if referring to the Turkish art of painting speaks, the more influenced by the West and developing modern painting, which also includes descriptive elements.

But we must not forget that some derived from earlier periods to the art works of painting can be counted. Although small numbers, they are from the period of Anatolian Seljuk some works have survived. These are usually plastic representations in the form of relief and earthenware painted drawings. In the Ottoman period can be a strong miniature art can be observed. It is known that in the period Fatih Sultan Mehmeds painter from the West were brought carrying pictures of the Padischahs and his family anfertigten. Ottoman artists were sent to Italy. This approach has been in the later periods may not pursued, but the their own art of miniature painting continued. In the imaging of the handwritten books with miniatures, you can also find a descriptive page. In this art are symbolic representations important than the representation of reality.

According to western understanding of the art painting were the first attempts by the Turks in engineering schools and war, as the newly Mühendishane Berri-i-i Hümayun (engineering school / pioneer) and the Mekteb-i Harbiye (military school). The first training included topics such as cartography and technical drawings, after a short time but was also liberalize painting in the classroom. For this purpose, teachers brought from the West. To the Turkish train students specifically, they were in Western countries, especially after France sent.

The reformed Padischahs 19th Supported this century the influence of the West. Mahmud II was of itself an image made and in the offices hanger. Abdülaziz employed itself with the art of painting. The works received the first Turkish painter, generally from the tradition of the military system came this century are mainly assigned. Due to the rigid and inexperienced expression, these images convey their artists are also known as "Turkish Primitivmaler 19th Century ". Some of their works show of photographs nachgemalte Serails Castle gardens or views of Istanbul. These painters are, among others, Hüseyin Giritli, Hilmi Kasımpaşalı, Sami Suleiman, Ahmed Bedri, Salih Aşki Molla, Osman Nuri Pasha, Ahmed Şekür, Selahattin Bey, Şefik Bey, Necip Bey, Münip Bey, Ahmed Ziya Şam, İbrahim Bey, Mustafa Bey Şevki Bey and be counted.

Towards the end of this century was one of the most important developments in the field of art of painting, the creation of a state art school. It is known that in 1874 in Istanbul by the painter Guillemet a private school with the name "Academy of Painting" was opened. This school was an exhibition of the works of students in 1876 made known. But the first institution in Turkey in the field of modern painting lessons there, was at 1 March 1883 opened Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi (School of Fine Arts). (Later, her name "Academy of Fine Arts" and is today's Mimar Sinan University).

The painter and Museumskundler Osman Hamdi Bey in 1882 was director of this institution. The first statute of this facility included the "principles for the implementation of the knowledge and ability mediation regarding Malererei, woodcarving, architecture and engraving. The painting is now training shifted to the military schools to this new facility.

In the 20th Century united the Turkish painter first time in an organisation. The first Turkish Association for the painting was in 1908, founded Osmanlı Resamlar Cemiyeti (Society Ottoman painter). The name of this company was founded in 1921 in "group of Turkish painter", in 1926 in "Turkish Association of Fine Arts" and in 1929 in "Association of Fine Arts" adapted. This type of organizations, the exchange of artists and solidarity mediated, in subsequent periods of certain representatives of art.

Even after the founding of the Republic, the activities in the field of painting. The School of Fine Arts (Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi) was founded in 1928 in the Academy of Fine Arts converted. Also in this period was the initiative of Western artists in the country to bring Turkish and foreign artists in to send continued. Among the first artists in the early years of the Republic of the Academy of Fine Arts completed, were among other things, Şeref Akdik, Refik Epikman, Mahmut Cûda Fehmi, Ali Avni Çelebi, Zeki Kocamemi and Turgut Zaim. To overcome the shortage of teachers counter was founded on the Gazi Education Institute (today's Gazi University) set up the painting department in which many artists setting up a second painting their training activities recordings. Currently, the training in the art of painting from the faculties of Fine Arts some universities exercised.

In the art of painting after 1950 can be a variety of standing side by side currents, directions and views can be observed. Artists worked different views, not mutually exclusive to consider; Malik Aksel was due to its investigations of folklore known Turgut Zaim expressed its observations of rural area with him his own style for expression; Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu leaned in his works to the Anatolian Craft Art at ; Sabri Berkel joined by his abstract representations; İbrahim Balaban was an artist, who by his imitations of Nazim Hikmet pointed out; Fikret Muallâ, in Paris, his artistic talent was also shown abroad; Neşet by Günal its realistic images, which people on the land issue, known, the real architect Cihat Burak is by its own Einfühlungskraft him in his works known, Adnan Çoker specialized in abstract rules in his work and Salih Acar settled in his art, natural life influence.

In the latter period, in addition to masters such as Mehmet Pesen, Kayıhan Keskinok, Nedim Günsür, Fahir Aksoy, Şadan Bezeyiş, Nuri Abaç, Mustafa Aslıer, Turan Erol, Orhan Peker, Gerçin Ruzin, Ömer Uluç, Özdemir Altan, Dinçer Erimez, Mehmet Güleryüz, Devrim Erbil, Altan Gürman artists of the younger generation as Neşe Erdok, Oya Katoğlu, Mustafa Pilevneli, Suleyman Saim Tekcan, Burhan Uygur, Ergin İnan, known as the "comet" known Gürkan Coşkun, Gülsüm Mustafa Kara and Balkan Naci İslimyeli. Another artist, whose works also gained fame abroad, Bedri Baykam from the next generation mentioned.

SCULPTURE


Sculpture or carving is an art, when using various tools three-dimensional works produced and aesthetic values with their feelings and thoughts to them. This three-dimensional works of art can both abstract and concrete illustrations and may reflect a descriptive or verzierende property. The sculpture has been since the earliest historical periods used to an event or a personality in the form of a monument to commemorate.

Since the earliest historical periods were the Turks in the Steinbehauung very successful. The oldest examples, one comes up in the art of Central Asia. The Orhon monuments can also be used as sculptures. The first primitive statues, the stone figures of the ancestors Scheidegg, which symbolises the human figure. After the acquisition of the Islamic religion has also worked in sculpture - as well as in other art forms - due to the religious rules the descriptive representation abandoned. In its place came as the Arts verzierende relief work, carving and inlay. However, in the works of Anatolian Seljuk used in the relief work on human and animal figures angetoffen. The grave stones and bricks goal (to the marksmanship training) at the time of the Ottoman Empire were works with the finest and most beautiful ornaments were equipped. But in practical structures, such as wells, fountains, fountains, etc., these ornaments encountered. Let's talk today by the Turkish art of sculpture, which is influenced by the West, modern three-dimensional performing arts.

The Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi (School of Fine Arts) in Turkey was the first institution in the art of sculpture classes there. Oskan Yervant Efendi, Ottoman citizen who taught in this institution, was one of the first sculptors. Until the founding of the Republic may be in this school trained artists such as sculptors İhsan Özsoy, İsa Behzat, Mahir Tomruk and Nejat Sirel counted. Except İsa Behzat the other artists were also in the republican period. The tradition of this school that they were abroad and later, they benefited as a teacher.

Among the artists of the modern Turkish sculpture, Ali Hadi Bara, Zühtü Müridoğlu, Nusret Suman, Ahmet Kenan Yontunç, under the name Hüseyin Anka known Hüseyin Özkan, the operating abroad İlhan Koman, Hüseyin Gezer, Mehmet Şadi Çalık, Kuzgun Acar and Saim Bugay mentioned. In addition to these artists were also women and Sabiha Bengütaş, Nermin Faruki, Lerzan Bengisu Günseli Aru and trained.