TURKISH LITERATURE

The Turkish literature includes the Turks have always exercised the oral tradition, written literature and how their products. In its historical development, the Turkish literature in three main areas: Turkish literature before Islam; Under the influence of Islamic civilizations emerging Turkish literature; Under the influence of Western civilizations emerging Turkish literature. This classification was taking into account the substantial influence of religious and cultural environment of the Turks.
Turkish literature on Islam
Historical Studies have shown that Central Asia is the original home of the Turks dar. Not all cultural products of the Turks in Central Asia were able to survive the present. If we bear in mind that the first written documents in Turkish from the 6th Century, it may well be argued that this period in question literary basic documents are not available.
Oral tradition: In the book Divanü Lugati't-Turk (Dictionary of Turkish languages) Kaşgarlı Mahmud in the 11th Century has written, was also attended by the oral expressions in writing their place. In the oral literary tradition, especially poems priority. The first poet, as "came", "baksı", "ozan" or "şaman" were called, wore her poems accompanied by an as "kopuz" (birnenförmige, one or more-string guitar) designated instrument. Among the first poets, of which examples of their works could be found, Aprınçur Tigin, Çuçu, Kül Tarkan, Çısuya Tutung, Asıg Tutung, Sungku Seli and Kalım Keyşi ones.
Written tradition: The first Turkish documents are the Yenisey-inscriptions from the 6th Orhun-century and inscriptions from the 8th Century. Particularly memorable speeches written form Orhun-rich inscriptions give information about the social life of the Turkish world, their culture and art.
Under the influence of Islamic civilizations emerging Turkish literature
Following the adoption of the Islamic religion by the ruler of Karahan, Satuk Buğra Han, in the middle of the 10th Century, joined the Turkish world civilization into a new environment. The west migratory Turkish tribes took the influence of these civilizations in the world of literature. Kaşgarlı Mahmud had his dictionary "Divanü Lugati't-Turk" will assist the Turkish Arabs to teach. Yusuf Has Hacib wrote to the state philosophy descriptive work "Kutadgu Bilig" in the 11th Islamic century, taking into account basic ideas. Ali Şir Nevai developed the language of Osttürken "Çağatayca" (Tschagataiisch) as a rich cultural and artistic language. The coming to Anatolia Turkish tribes have also played a major role in the emergence of a new literary tradition in Anatolia. The first examples of this literary tradition in Anatolia go to the 13th Century and can be divided into two areas: the Divan literature and folk literature.
Divan Literature: The literary tradition, during the Ottoman Empire, particularly in Medresen (isl. universities for theology, Juristik and literature) and was taught by the intellectuals in line with the mainly Arab and Persian literature, is commonly referred to as "Divan literature." However, we are also names like "zümre edebiyatı" (professional literature) and "ümmet çağı Türk edebiyatı" (Turkish literature of the period of the religious community). At the time of the emergence of Divan literature in the 13th -- 15 Century Persian translations were widely used. The first poet (Ahmed-i Dâi, Kadı Burhaneddin, Şeyhi) wrote mainly religious poems. In the transitional period of 15 -- 16 Century, this form of literature particularly the inhabitants of the Serails and its surroundings promoted alongside the prose poems was used (Ahmed Pasha, Necati, Mercimek Ahmed, Âşıkpaşazade, Sinan Pasha). At the time of her highest development in the 16th -- 18 Century can be seen that the Divan literature anderwertiger of influence and is based distance and a stage of her own compositions. We tried the classic form regional content. At the same time, there were new trends, particularly as "Sebk-i Hindi known poem, to their representatives Fuzuli, Bâkî, Bağdatlı Ruhi, Nabî, Nef'i, Nedim, Şeyh Galib, Evliya Çelebi, Kâtip Çelebi, Naima, Veysi and Nergisi were.
Folk Literature: A part of the People's Literature, by unknown people write stories, Türkü (folk songs), Mâni (folk poems in Vierzeilern), proverbs, riddles and hiking plays. The so-called literature Tekke (mystical literature) of the 13.-16. Century is a form of religious folk literature. The mysticism, which is very different from religion, with its broad interpretation of tolerance and form the tradition of literature and to enrich its own factor. The poems from the literature were Tekke with special compositions like prayer hymns (eg ilahi and nefes) presented. If the Tekke literature also places Arabic and Persian words includes, but she had the capacity to be easily understood. The Tekke literature were four units and verse extent. The most important representatives this direction were Yunus Emre, Nesimi, Kaygusuz Abdal, Hacı Bayram Veli, Hatayi and Pir Sultan Abdal. Another area of folk literature was the so-called Âşık literature (special literature of the migratory folk singer), the period of the 16th Century to the present. The people designated as Âşık singer moved with her Saz (volkstümliches musical instrument with a long neck, with the most Schlagring played) by Anatolia, led a fight for and for the life and developed a new literary tradition. As examples of this tradition can Karacaoğlan, Âşık Ömer, Gevheri, Dertli, Dadaloğlu, Erzurumlu Emrah, Bayburtlu Zihni, Ruhsati, Sümmani, Âşık Veysel and Ali İzzet Özkan listed.
Under the influence of Western civilizations emerging Turkish literature
After the 18th Century, the Turkish (Ottoman) society in the district of western civilizations enter. The developments in the field of military and the policy caused some time later to influence the literary life. Especially writers, the West know, were representatives of a new literary direction. As a starting point for the new, influenced by Western civilizations Turkish literature, the publication of the newspaper "Tercüman-ı Ahval" in 1860, either, because this was not a newspaper or halbamtliches official press organ, but the first Turkish newspaper which was published privately. The newly launched thus period can be investigated at the following breakdown: Tanzimat period, period of Servet-i Fünun (leading literary magazine), the term Fecr-i Âti (Turkish literature direction at the beginning of the 20th Jhds.) Period of National Literature, the Republic period and thereafter.
1st Important representatives of the Tanzimat Literature:
Namık Kemal, Şinasi, Ahmet Mithat, Ziya Pasha, Mahmut Ekrem, Abdülhak Hamit, Samipaşazade Sezai etc.
2nd Important representatives of the literature of the Servet-i Fünun
Recaizade Mahmut Ekrem, Tevfik Fikret, Cenab Şahabeddin, Halit Ziya Uşaklıgil, Mehmet Rauf, etc.
3rd Important representatives of the literature of the Fecr-i Âti
Ahmed Haşim, Emin Bülent Serdaroğlu, Hamdullah Suphi Tanrıöver, Fuad Koprulu, Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu, etc.
4th Important representatives of the Period of National Literature
Ömer Seyfettin, Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Halide Edip Adıvar, Reşat Nuri Güntekin etc.
5th Important representatives of the literature of the Republic and thereafter
Ziya Osman Saba, Yaşar Nabi Nayır, Nazım Hikmet, Orhan Veli Kanık, Oktay Rıfat, Cahit Külebi, Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar, Peyami Safa, Kemal Tahir, Aziz Nesin, Necati Cumalı, Selim İleri, Fakir Baykurt, Orhan Pamuk, etc.